Is Heavy Water Radioactive

Heavy water contains deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen with a proton and a neutron for each deuterium atom. Is this a radioactive isotope? Is heavy water radioactive? Heavy water is much like ordinary water. In fact, one in twenty-million water molecules is a heavy water molecule. Heavy water is made from oxygen bonded to one or more deuterium atoms. If both hydrogen atoms are deuterium then the formula for heavy water is D2O. Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen which has one proton and one neutron. The most common isotope of hydrogen, protium, consists of a lone proton. Deuterium is a stable isotope, so it is not radioactive. Similarly, deuterated or heavy water is not radioactive.

The Age Of Exploration By Christopher Columbus - 1358 Words

The fifteenth to seventeenth century is known as the â€Å"Age of Exploration†. Europe began to colonize the countries they had â€Å"discovered†. A major part of the world that they colonized was Latin America. Spain was the first to colonize, and the United States started to take interest in Latin America towards the 19th century. Europe and The United States both took interest in Latin America, but for different reasons. Spain was the first European nation to colonize Latin America, beginning with Christopher Columbus voyage in 1492. Columbus conquered Hispaniola, an island in the Caribbean Sea. A few decades later, Spain sent Hernando Cortez to conquer the Aztec Empire in 1519. In 1535, the Spanish moved deeper into South America and conquered the Incan Empire with the help of Francisco Pizarro. When Europeans explored the world during the â€Å"Age of Exploration†, they colonized areas for a number of reasons. One reason was to spread Christianity. The Spaniards believed it was their God given duty to convert people to Christianity. A second reason was to acquire wealth through trade and exploitation of other countries’ peoples and natural resources. Colonizing and acquiring the land in Latin America also led to an increase in geopolitical power over other European countries. The United States took interest in Latin America for economic and political reasons. The banana appears to be a distinct reason as to why the United States went over to Latin America according to Dan Koepple’sShow MoreRelatedChristopher Columbus Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesChristopher Columbus was born in 1451 at Genoa. Genoa was a seaport that was on the Ligurian sea. His name was Cristoforo Colombo and that was translated into English as Christopher Columbus. Christopher Columbus had two brothers, which he was older than both. Christopher Columbus had little schooling just like most of the people during that age. Genoa was a busy seaport and Christopher Columbus learned much from the sailors. Christopher Columbus’s father was a poor weaver. Christopher Columbus workedRead MoreThe Age Of Exploration And Its Effect On Religion1636 Words   |  7 Pages The age of exploration was was an extremely essential part of history.The age of exploration led to countless advances in science. The age of exploration also led to vast expansions of countries territory and vastly increased their power. From the the people who explored the new land to the one who seized and controlled the land. All of this was essential for the age of exploration to exist. The age of of exploration all started for only three simple reasons. The first of these three reasons isRead MoreChristopher Columbus s Voyage Preparations And His Religious Beliefs1401 Words   |  6 PagesChristopher Columbus lived during the early modern period, more precisely the Renaissance (Boucher). 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Is Christopher Columbus the brave explorer who ushered in the â€Å"age of exploration†, or was he the brutal andRead MoreAge Of Exploration : The Promise Of Glory1188 Words   |  5 Pages Age of Exploration: The Promise of Glory I have fully upheld Delbarton’s honor code in letter and spirit. Signature: Hunter Macy Hunter Macy October 19, 2015 European History Mr. Manno Delbarton School The Age of Exploration, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, led to a myriad of expansion for European countries, namely Spain and Portugal. The rush to the New World by Portugal and Spain during the Age of Exploration, led by men such as Hernan CortesRead MoreDisadvantages Of Christopher Columbus804 Words   |  4 PagesChristopher Columbus was an explorer, navigator, and survivalist who was born and raised in Italy as the eldest son to Domenico Colombo and Susanna Fontanarossa. Columbus went on many explorations, but his most famous was his exploration to the new world. For this exploration Columbus managed to convince the Spanish monarchs, King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella, to hire an Italian explorer to work for the Spanish government. There are many advantages and disadvantages to hiring an explorer fromRead MoreThe Journey Columbus By Christopher Columbus1628 Words   |  7 PagesDeveloped Through the Uncovering of San Salvador in 1492 Christopher Columbus’s adventitious finding of San Salvador led to the initial European â€Å"discovery† of the New World. Columbus, an Italian explorer, attempted to sail west from Spain to India, funded by King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile (Christopher Columbus’s Exploration). He sailed west using three boats: the Nià ±a, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria (Christopher Columbus the Italian Explorer). They reached the island of GuanahaniRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Christopher Columbus 1126 Words   |  5 PagesBailey Gilmore Mr. Boone World History Period 7 2015 November 4 Christopher Columbus Explorer. Navigator. Colonizer. History concerning him is not and never will be complete. There are a lot of controversial stories concerning about and his history. Even through all of those stories Christopher Columbus is credited with sparking European exploration of the Americas. He was the start of something bigger than himself and the end of another thing. Throughout his family, first adventures at sea,Read MorePositive Impact Of Christopher Columbus Discoveries1249 Words   |  5 PagesPositive Impact of Christopher Columbus’ Discoveries The world is a better place because of Christopher Columbus’ important discoveries in the New World. His explorations resulted in the vast expansion of property for Europe, the exchange of goods and cultures between countries and a change in the worldview of geography. Columbus’s explorations were the catalyst for unprecedented trade known as the Columbian Exchange, which started the exchange of goods and ideas that would last for centuriesRead MorePositive Impact Of Christopher Columbus s Discoveries1247 Words   |  5 Pages Positive Impact of Christopher Columbus’s Discoveries The world is a better place because of Christopher Columbus’ important discoveries in the New World. His explorations resulted in the vast expansion of property for Europe, the exchange of goods and cultures between countries and a change in the worldview of geography. Columbus’s explorations were the catalyst for unprecedented trade known as the Columbian Exchange, which started the exchange of goods and ideas that would last for centuries

Alcohol Laws Free Essays

Three days ago, i attended the burial ceremony of my best friend. Not only do we do everything together, we have become family. Our parents were mates in college so the legacy continued with the children. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcohol Laws or any similar topic only for you Order Now We went to the same preschool, high school and as we planned it, we went to the same university. Jack did not die of any sickness neither was he murdered – he, like many Americans, lost his life in a highway accident as a result of drunk driving. In this essay, I will be making an exposition into alcohol abuse and the problems that come with it. I will also explain the extent to which this vice has eaten up into our lives as a nation. Furthermore, I will examine the major alcohol laws in America and probing into if these laws have actually helped in curbing the problems associated with alcohol use. I will also be making a comparison of the DUI laws in each state and how this directly or indirectly tells on the extent in which people abuse alcohol in these states. Finally, I will be using Las Vegas as a point of reference for alcohol abuse – the DUI laws that exist in the state, the people’s disposition towards alcohol use and the effect that this lifestyle has on the people of the state. For the purpose of clarity of this essay, it will suffice to make a conceptual definition of the major terms that will be used in this essay. Alcohol abuse can be defined as the act that involves the use of alcohol in an immoderate manner turning into an unhealthy habit. Alcohol abuse is not the intake of alcohol but the intake of alcohol everyday or excessively at a time. Many people confuse alcohol abuse to alcoholism. Alcohol abuse as an act is less severe to alcoholism. Although both of them are alcohol disorders, alcoholism is an extreme form of alcohol intake that leads a person to alcohol dependence – a state where an individual develops unusual cravings for alcohol, uncontrollable consumption of alcohol, physical dependence on alcohol to feel alright and tolerance. Alcohol abuse as an act is typified when an individual who is under the influence of alcohol is involved in some life threatening activities like driving and other activities that pose a threat on the life of the individual and people around him/her. The term DUI simply put is an acronym for Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol. In States in America, DUI is an alcohol laws that is set as a way of reducing casualties of highway accidents. This is determined by a test done on the blood of the person accused of the DUI offence. Although every state has a form of DUI laws that seek to keep alcohol consumers in check, the intensity of this law differ from one state to another. While some states have stricter and almost non-tolerant DUI laws, the DUI laws in other states are less strict and tolerant. â€Å"The 2001 survey shows 25 million (one in ten) Americans surveyed reported driving under the influence of alcohol. This report is nearly three million more than the previous year. Among young adults age 18 to 25 years, almost 23% drove under the influence of alcohol† (Drugs-rehabs.org, 2002). Alcohol abuse in America is not an individual problem but a national one. In America, alcohol remains the number 1 drug problem we face. According to statistics gotten from a study made in 2000, an average American consumes over 25 gallons of beer, 2 gallons of wine and 1.5 gallons of distilled spirits every year (Drugs-rehabs.org, 2002). Apart from this, it was discovered that The American government spends over $100 million in healthcare on alcohol and alcohol related problems. Perhaps the most appalling of these statistics is the fact that over 15 million people are dependent on alcohol and of these number, 500 000 fall between the ages of 9 and 12. Alcohol has made a nuisance of many families in America. As statistics have it that three out of four of cases of spouse violent victim incidents happened as a result of alcohol use/abuse by the offender.   Apart from this, it is reported that four in ten criminal offenders blame alcohol as reason for their violent behaviour. The younger generation are not excluded from this madness. In the same report, it is alleged that students in America spend over $5.5 billion on alcohol. This accounts for double of what they spend on beverages books and milk combined.   In addition to this, it was reported in a survey done in 200 that about 7 million persons between the ages of 12 to 20 was an excessive drinker (drug-rehab.org, 2002). With the death toll statistics by alcohol abuse rising each year, we are faced with a problem that we ourselves caused with our very own hands. We have become a prisoner of our own decisions and every day, someone somewhere in America has to pay the price. Alcohol has been woven into the fibres of our lives. Everyday, someone somewhere is being lured into the population of alcohol consumers. â€Å"Each year, a typical young person in the United States is inundated with more than 1,000 commercials for beer and wine coolers and several thousand fictional drinking incidents on television† (drug-rehab.org, 2002).   With the society being infused with this unhealthy habit, the family is the first contact of a victim to alcohol usage. According to drug-rehab.org, about 43% of Americans have been exposed to alcoholism in their families while growing up so they grow up consuming alcohol. How to cite Alcohol Laws, Papers

Places in Philippines free essay sample

PAMPANGA Brief Description Steeped in history and blessed with natural and man-made scenery, Pampanga offers several sight-seeing options for visitors. Pampanga has always enjoyed the title The Culinary Center of the Philippines. It is populated by resourceful hardy folk who are justifiably proud of their famous Kapampangan cuisine. The capital, City of San Fernando, is world famous for the annual Lenten re-enactment of the crucifixion of Christ. It is also famous for its Giant Lantern Festival where huge lanterns measuring 20-ft in diameter rise to the occasion to thrill thousands of people with their kaleidoscopic interplay of sounds and colors. The province has remnants of a long and colorful history. It has centuries-old houses, a booming night life center and a myriad of tourist destinations, the site of world-class resorts, casinos, duty-free shopping and golf courses in Clark. Brief History Pampanga was already the site of thriving settlements along riverbanks or pampang before the Spaniards came. writing a service report The inhabitants were referred to as Kapampangans or the people by the river bank. Martin de Goiti explored Pampanga and was established in 1571. In 1754, a strip from Dinalupihan to Orion, was ceded to Bataan. In 1848, the province lost five towns to Nueva Ecija and San Miguel to Bulacan. By 1860, its northern district was made into a separate comandancia. This district was made a part of Pangasinan in 1874, and the towns of Mabalacat, Magalang, Porac and Floridablanca were returned to Pampanga. Since the early 20th century, the province has been a hotbed of agrarian troubles, mainly because of its many estates under powerful landlords. During World War II, Pampanga was the base for a guerilla unit known as Hukbalahap which resisted the Japanese. The huks later formed the nucleus of local communist insurgency after the war, but it was suppressed in the early 1950s. It resurfaced as the New Peoples Army in the 1960s. Pampanga was the home province of Diosdado Macapagal, 9th President of the Philippines, and Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, incumbent and 14th President of the Republic. Adventure Packages Mt. Arayat in Arayat, Pampanga. Rising above sea level by 3,300 ft. , this legendary wonder of Mother Nature boasts of lush green vegetation and wildlife sanctuary. Visitors to the area are welcomed by its envigorating mountain air coupled with natures serenity. At the foot of the mountain, visitors are prone to experience the rejuvenating effect of cool mountain spring at the Arayat National Park. This legendary mountain is about 90 kms. north of Manila or a mere one-and-a-half hour drive. Activities Recommended: Mountain Climbing, Hiking, Camping. Mabalacat and Bacolor) Sunken Villages. Witness how volumes of pyroclastic flow deposits from the volcano transformed a community in Mabalacat and Bacolor into a virtual no mans land. Visit their church which was half-buried under heavy volume of pyroclastic volcanic debris. For the more adventurous, try an eight-hour hike to the slopes of the volcano with Pasig-Potrero River (Delta 5) in Porac as jump-off point. A magn ificient 5-ft. waterfall awaits survivors of this tour. Or try the 2-day mountain climbing adventure to the steep crevices of Mt. Pinatubo via Sapang Uwak in Porac, Pampanga. Even the trip to Sapangbato in Angeles City via Sacobia streambed in Sito Target is worth remembering. Prolific waterfalls and cool mountain springs await the intrepid explorer. Ones Pinatubo tour is never complete without a visit to any of the resettlement sites in Mabalacat and Bacolor. Witness the ever growing tourism industry and prosperity in the area. Climate Pampanga has two (2) pronounced seasons: dry season from November to April and wet the rest of the year. Famous For Buro/fermented rice with small shrimps Betute (stuffed frog) Kamaru (mole crickets sauteed in garlic and onion) Sisig (Pork cheek, grilled to a crunchy perfection, chopped and mixed with chicken liver, onions, calamansi and fresh sili) Pindang Babi o Damulag (Sweet cured pork or carabeef) Burung Talangka (Fat or salt-preserved little crabs) Giant Lanterns Cutud Lenten Rites Betis Wood Carvers Mt. Arayat Geography Pampanga is located in the central part of Central Luzon. It is bounded on the north by Tarlac and Nueva Ecija, Bulacan on the east, south by Bataan and west by Zambales. The provinces total land area is 218,068 hectares or 2,180. 68 square kilometers. How to get there From Manila it is just a 1-? hour ride by car or bus to through the North Luzon Expressway exiting via San Fernando, Angeles or Dau Toll Plaza. Language/Dialect Kapampangan, English and Tagalog are spoken and understood anywhere in the province. Major Industries Farming and fishing are the main industries. Rice and sugarcane are the major crops. Others are banana, mango, and eggplant. The rivers and fishponds produce fish, shrimps, and crabs. Political Subdivision Pampanga is composed of twenty (20) municipalities and two (2) cities, namely: Angeles City and City of San Fernando. It is subdivided into four political districts. Population The province has a population of 1, 529,246 Travel Tips Light casual clothes are recommended. An umbrella and a raincoat are must during the rainy season. Adopt to local customs and accept local differences (whether social or cultural). When shopping in a public market, haggle for the cheapest price. Always bring loose change when taking public transport to avoid inconvenience. Learn some local basic phrases. They may come very handy. Economy Farming and fishing are the two main industries of the province. Major products include rice, corn, sugar cane, and tilapia. In addition to farming and fishing, the province also supports a thriving cottage industries that specializes in wood carving, furniture-making, guitars, and handicrafts. Every year during the Christmas season, the province of Pampanga becomes the center of a thriving industry centered on handcrafted lighted lanterns called aâ‚ ¬? parolsaâ‚ ¬? that displays a kaleidoscope of light and color. Other industries include its indigenous casket industry and the manufacturing of all Purpose Vehicles present in the Municipality of Sto. Tomas. The province is famous for its culinary industry. Kapampangans are well known for their culinary expertise. Well known food products range from the ordinary to the exotic. Pampangas Best and Mekeni Food are among the better known meat brands of the country producing Kapampangan favorites such as pork and chicken tocinos, beef tapa, hot dogs, and longanizas (Philippines-style sausages and cured meats. Specialty foods such as the murcon (ground meat stuffed in fish), embutido (ground pork roll), kare-kare (pork or beef cooked in peanut butter), sisig baboy (a spicy pork dish best served with beer), lechon (roasted pig) and its sarsa (sauce), are popular specialty foods in the region. The more exotic betute tugak (stuffed frog), kamaru (mole crickets) cooked ala adobo, bulanglang (pork cooked in guava juice), lechon kawali, and bringhe (a green sticky rice dish like paella) are a mainstay in Kapampangan feasts. Native sweets and delicacies like pastillas, turonnes de casoy, buro, are the most sought after by Filipinos including a growing number of tourists who enjoy authentic Kapampangan cuisine. Tourism is a growing industry in the province of Pampanga. Clark Field, in Angeles City, is home to Diosdado Macapagal International Airport, Luzons second International Airport and designated as the Philippines future premier gateway site. Within the Clark Special Economic Zone are well established hotels and resorts. Popular tourist destinations in the province include: St. Peter Shrine in Apalit, Mt. Arayat National Park in San Juan Bano, Arayat, the Paskuhan Village in the City of San Fernando, and the Casino Filipino in Angeles City. Well known annual events include the Giant Lantern Festival in December, the annual hot air balloon festival in Clarkfield during the month of February, and the San Pedro Cutud Lenten Rites celebrated two days before Easter. Other developing economies include a semiconductor industry involved in the manufacturing of electronics and computers mostly located within the Clark Special Economic Zone in Angeles City. Terrain The province has a total land mass of 2,180. 68 square kilometers. Its terrain is relatively flat with one distinct mountain, Mt. Arayat and the notable Pampanga river. Among its municipalities, Porac has the largest land mass with 343. 12 square kilometers; Candaba comes in second with 208. 7 square kilometers; followed by Lubao with 155. 77 square kilometers. Climate The province of Pampanga has two distinct climates, rainy and dry. The rainy or wet season normally begins in May and runs through October, while the rest of the year is the dry season. The warmest period of the year occurs between March and April, while the coolest period is from December through February. Infrastructure Telecommunication Telephone services in the Province are provided by the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT), Digitel, Datelcom, the Evangelista Telephone Company, and the Pampanga Telecom Company. The province has 24 public telegraph offices distributed among its towns while the facilities of PTT and RCPI were set up to serve the business centers in Angeles City, San Fernando, and Guagua. 1] Several Internet Service Providers and available in the province. These include the Angeles Computer Network Specialist, Information Resources Network System, Inc. , Mosaic communications Inc. , Net Asia Angeles City and Phil World On Line. United Parcel Services (UPS) and Federal Express (FedEx) provide international courier services for the province and the rest of the country. Their hubs are located within the Clark Special Economic Zone. Thes e international courier are complemented by four local couriers operating as the communication and baggage of the province. There are 3 postal district offices and 35 post office stations distributed in the 20 municipalities and 2 cities of the province. [2] Pangasinan HISTORY PangASINan was one of the early provinces into which the island of Luzon was divided after the arrival of the Spaniards. Pangasinan was then formally created as a province by Governor-General Ronquillo de Penalosa in 1850. Etymologically, the term Pangasinan means the place where salt is made, owing to the rich and fine salt beds which were the prime source of livelihood for the provinces coastal towns. Another name for the region, but not as widely known is Caboloan. The word Bolo in the native language refers to a species of bamboo that was abundant in the interior areas, and favored in the practice of weaving light baskets and winnowing plates called bilao. Historians believe that both names may have been used at the same time. Today, salt is still being produced in abundance, creating not a few fortunes for some enterprising families although much of its use is for industry. A local product that has become synonymous with Pangasinan is bagoong, or fermented fish sauce. Salt of course, is the prime ingredient. Mud-colored with a strong smell, bagoong has captured the national palate. Native cuisine, mostly Ilocano in origin, owes its authenticity to the lowly bagoong. Taking from the spare and starkly humble lifestyle of the Pangasinense with his dependence on the sea and rivers and the land, bagoong lends itself well to the local diet. Mixed with plain fresh vegetables like okra, squash and eggplant in an invigorating broth or as a dip for grilled catfish or Bonuan bangus, bagoong brings out the true flavor of the lands origins. The Northern Gate Pangasinan is a crescent-shaped province that occupies 5,368. 82 square kilometers of verdant farmlands, hills, forests and rivers. To the east, it is bounded by the mighty Cordillera Mountains, the Zambales ranges to the west, the rice plains of Tarlac to the south and the Lingayen Gulf and the China Sea to the north. Because of this strategic geographical positioning, it has always been described as a gateway of sorts. Most travellers going up North often remember Pangasinan as the place where they had last seen some semblance of civilization, comparing it with the sparsely populated regions of the Ilocos and the Cagayan Valley (with the exception of Baguio and the old Spanish towns of Vigan and Laoag). Today, the gates of opportunity have literally been opened as Pangasinan under the youthful and no-nonsense leadership of Gov. Victor E. Agbayani, girds itself up for the challenges of the coming new millenium. Connections Historian Rosario Mendoza Cortes writes in her book, Pangasinan 1572-1800 that according to Bishop Domingo de Salazar, Pangasinan was forty leagues distant from Manila either by land or by sea. Roughly translated, travelers of old normally take about thirty-hours to reach Manila via horse and carriage. After the eruption of Mount Pinatubo, travel time was normally 5 to 7 hours as normal route points like Bamban and Mabalacat were closed temporarily. Today, 5 hours is the norm although private vehicles can sometimes negotiate the route under 4 hours. Most major bus companies ply the Manila-Pangasinan route complemented by a host of local bus lines, which can be hired for private purposes and tours. Most bus services operate on a 24-hour basis. Media services are active in Pangasinan. National dailies as well as local publications (several weeklies and one daily) are available. There are 20 radio stations and one regional television station. Cable services have mushroomed even in areas far from the urbanized centers of Dagupan, Urdaneta and Alaminos. At the latest survey, Pangasinan has the highest tele-density in the country outside of Metro Manila with the presence of three major telecommunication companies. People and Culture Much has been written and discussed about the Pangasinense, yet no definite image comes to mind. There is a strong perception that the province is basically of Ilocano stock, but aside from the fact that Iloko is more widely spoken than Pangasinan, the defining characteristics end there. The Pangasinense is hardly frugal in the true sense of the word, nor is he extravagant either. Special occasions such as fiestas, weddings and baptisms are exceptions wherein extravagance is necessary to save face, but then most other Filipinos in other regions are similar in that respect. History tells us however that the Pangasinense has always been sensitive to issues concerning his welfare. One of the first local revolts during the Spanish colonization was instigated by a Binalatongan native, (now San Carlos) Andres Malong in 1660. Princess Urduja: fact or fiction? The heroics of an ancient princess who ruled a kingdom by the Lingayen gulf has never been verified as true by historians, yet the mythical Princess Urduja remains vividly alive and real in the local consciousness. The Gifts of the Earth and Sea Pangasinan is rooted to the earth agriculture based production remains as a major source of income for the majority of the populace. Aqua-culture is also popular in areas where instead of farmlands, variated squares of artificial ponds for fish rearing are found. Through the years, as the demand for particular fish stocks rose and fell, fishpond owners have adapted by sticking to traditionally favored, and stable growing fish species like the bangus or milkfish, the malaga and prawns. With agriculture currently mobilizing more than half of the local labor force, the current administration has seen the need to boost its efforts in this area. El Nino and La Nina Like the rest of the country and the world, 1998 was Pangasinans hottest year with temperatures soaring beyond the 40s. The lingering effects of the El Nino and the La Nina phenomenon continue to affect the local climate. Normally, the dry season begins in November to April and wet during the rest of the year. Typhoons intermittently wreak havoc with some serious flooding in the eastern towns. However, the presence of a long coastline with attractive beaches offsets the hot and humid weather; sun-loving tourists affirm that Pangasinans current climate is perfect. The Count Current census figures place the population at 3,803,890 distributed in the provinces 46 towns, three cities and 1,354 barangays. English and Filipino are widely spoken and are the mediums of instruction in all schools. Ilocano is the major dialect, spoken by a greater portion of the population in the western and eastern areas. There is some fear that the Pangasinan dialect, spoken predominantly in the central areas, is losing its hold on the local tongue. Bolinao, at the northernmost tip of western Pangasinan has a unique language of its own, also called Bolinao. Provincial Profile PROVINCE OF PANGASINAN How to Get There: Pangasinan is accessible by land. Air-conditioned bus lines such as Victory Liner, Five Star, Dagupan Bus and Viron have daily trips from Manila to the cities of Dagupan, Urdaneta, San Carlos, Alaminos and the towns of Bolinao and Tayug. Lingayen, the capital town, is 226 kilometers north of Manila via Dagupan-Urdaneta highway. Capital Lingayen Climate The province experiences two pronounced seasons: dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year. Maximum rainfall is observed in August. Average monthly temperature is 27. 91? C with the highest occuring in May and the lowest in January. Land Area 5,368. 82 square kilometers Location and Boundaries Pangasinan is bounded by Lingayen Gulf, La Union and Benguet on the north, Nueva Vizcaya on the northeast, Nueva Ecija on the east, Tarlac on the south and Zambales and China Sea on the west. Political Subdivision Pangasinan has 44 municipalities and 4 cities namely; Agno, Alcala, Aguilar, Anda, Asingan, Balungao, Bani, Basista, Bautista, Bayambang, Binalonan, Binmaley, Bolinao, Bugallon, Burgos, Calasiao, Dasol, Infanta, Labrador, Laoac, Lingayen, Mabini, Malasiqui, Manaoag, Mangaldan, Mangatarem, Mapandan, Natividad, Pozorrubio, Rosales, San Fabian, San Jacinto, San Manuel, San Quintin, Sta. Barbara, Sta. Maria, San Nicolas, Sto. Tomas, Sison, Sual, Tayug, Umingan, Urbiztondo , Villasis, and the cities of Alaminos, Dagupan, San Carlos, and Urdaneta. Languages/ Dialect Spoken Pangasinense is spoken mostly in central Pangasinan. Ilocano is widely spoken in eastern and western portion of the province. Bolinao has a dialect of its own. English and Tagalog are the media of instruction in schools. Population 2,434,086 as of Year 2000 Census Major Industries Agriculture based industries remain to be the source of income of many. Prominent industries are bagoong making, handicrafts and gifts, toys and houseware making. Brief History: Pangasinan was officially conquered and colonized by D. Martin de Goite in 1571. It has always been known in historical accounts as Pangasinan meaning where salt is made. Governor General Ronquillo de Penalosa formally created Pangasinan as a province in 1850, making the province one of the earliest political and administrative units in the Philippines. Its territorial jurisdiction at that time included the present province of Zambales and parts of La Union and Tarlac. Lingayen was designated and remains up to the present as the provinical capital. Binalatongan, now San Carlos City was the largest town both in size and population. Dagupan, then a sitio of Lingayen was converted into a regular town in 1590. It was converging place of supporters of the rebellion led by Andres Malong in 1660. The territorial boundaries of Pangasinan was diminished when Agoo up to Bacnotan became towns of La Union in 1850 and again in 1875 when Paniqui and other southern towns were annexed to Tarlac. Zambales Zambales as the second largest province in Central Luzon, which covers an area of 361, 103 hectares, shares common boundaries with Pangasinan on the North, Tarlac and Pampanga on the East and Bataan on the South. The entire stretch of the Province on the west is rimmed by the crystal clear water of vast China Sea. The topography of the province is generally irregular, with the coastal plains and valleys stretching from Lingayen Gulf down south towards Subic Bay along the western coast and further towards a 175 kms. stretch of shoreline. The sprawling towns dotting the province from north to south, most of them along the shoreline are: Sta Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc, Palauig, Iba, Botolan, Cabangan, San Felipe, San Narciso, San Antonio, San Marcelino, Castillejos and Subic. In our time, all towns of Zambales are accessible by land through its yawning concrete highway which runs from the City of Olongapo to Sta. Cruz exiting to Pangasinan. The Zambales road is also known to be one of the Philippines best scenic highways. Zambales Mango Festival The annual event is celebrated every April in Iba, Zambales, the beach capital of Central Luzon. The festival not only promotes the mango industry in Zambales but also its culture and natural beauty including the beautiful and pristine beaches of the province. A yearly celebration created to promote the mango industry in Zambales and to show the Provincial Government’s support to mango farmers ad other stakeholders. With the province’s richness in natural wonders, cultural and historical heritage, every summer, Zambales beaches have been overflowing with the local and foreign tourists and is now one of the favorite alternative tourist destinations in Central Luzon. Subic PAMANA ISLAND – One of the tourists’ destinations in Subic. Formerly called Sneak Island during the time of Subic naval Base wherein it became the favorite hangout of Americans. The island also home to a resort with first class amenities accommodation. LOOC LAKE – An ideal haven for tourists’ just 26 kms. orth of Olongapo. For nature lovers, one can find a cool and serene place where anyone can enjoy fishing ride the so-called â€Å"balsa. † It is a quiet place for family hangout, picnics and get together of friends. Castillejos RAMON MAGSAYSAY ANCESTRAL HOUSE – This house is famous historical landmark in the town of Castillejos. It houses the memorabilia of the most loved presid ent of the Philippines, President Ramon Magsaysay, â€Å"The Man of the Masses,† whose greatness in humanity gave pride to the Municipality of Castillejos. San Marcelino TIKUB’S POND, POOL PARK RESORT – A nature designed resort situated just a few minutes away from the town of San Marcelino. It is a great venue for nature lovers and picnic goers. San Antonio CASA SAN MIGUEL – A venue for the annual Pudaqui Arts Festival. A center of chamber music in San Antonio. It is set amid a mango orchard nestled between the mountain and the sea. Casa San Miguel is also known to be Zambales’ own version of Center for Culture an the Arts. PUNTA DE UIAN – An exotic, relaxing tropical paradise situated at Barangay Pundaquit in San Antonio. It is also known as a perfect site for television and/or film locations. San Narciso CRYSTAL BEACH RESORT – One of the resorts in Zambales that offers surfing for beginners and enthusiasts. Great big waves await thrill-seekers and surfers who want to enjoy surfing in Zambales PHILIPPINE MERCHANT MARINE ACADEMY – The PMMA is the premier maritime institution in the Philippines. It is globally known for quality and good performance with standards of management and training comparable only with the best. San Felipe CENTURY OLD TREE – San Felipe is the pride of all Zambaleno’s for bagging the cleanest and greenest town in Central Luzon for 3 consecutive years. A Century Old Tree in Brgy. Maloma adds attraction to this progressive town. Cabangan MANGO CAMP ADVENTURE LEISURE FARM – A premier, family private retreat. It is also suitable for corporate tem activities. With its amenities and recreation facilities, this is your idyllic abode to refresh and to take some time off from the daily humdrum of city living. This is the best alternative to world class, yet congested of resorts and beaches. Botolan BOTOLAN WILD LIFE FARM – Different kinds of animals such as tiger, deer, snake, ostrich, birds and rare species of plants and orchids can be found here. INA POON BATO – As Aetas referred it as â€Å"Apo Apang. It is regarded as the oldest image of our blessed mother which has brought about a combined undeniable proof that with this image, the Filipino people has powerful and beloved instrument for real peace among all races. Iba IBA BEACH – A long stretch of pristine beaches can be found in Iba. It is also home to Zambales’ best sunset view and clean beaches. ST. AUGUSTIEN CATHERAL – A church built out of corals and limestone in 1703. it is the bishop’s seat of the province. Palauig MT. TAPULAO – The highest peak in Central Luzon can be found in Palauig. It is 7,200 feet above sea level and it is colder than Baguio City. Explore different species of flora and fauna that includes bonsai, century old trees, ferns and wild orchids. Masinloc COTO KID’S POOL – Offers a nature designed swimming pool overflowing with crystal white-cool spring water located near the foot of a forest reserve. Enjoy also the view of the 20-feet Coto’s waterfalls. Candelaria POTIPOT ISLAND – One of Candelaria’s main tourist attraction. The island is surrounded with pure white sand coral beaches and it is easily accessible by boat. The fact that you can walk around the whole island in less than 30 minutes makes the place more magical. Sta. Cruz SAGRADA FAMILIA CAVE – A church-like cave where you can see the image of the Holy Family with an altar made of stalactites and stalagmites of the cave. Activities YOU CAN ENJOY: * Surfing at the Crystal Beach * Scuba Diving * Jetskiing * Capones Island * Potipot Island * Hermana Menor Island * San Salvador * Mt. Tapulao Trekking * White Water Rafting Paragliding * Sandcaslting * Beach Volleyball * Boatong * Visit the President Ramon Magsaysay Ancestral House and Museum * Casa San Miguel (Center for Culture Arts in Zambales) Delicacies Only in Zambales †¢ Mango †¢ Linga Tangway †¢ Bagnet †¢ Pastillas Brief Description Zambales is life in itself. It is gifted with the natural beauty of its surroundings. It has been touched by civilization yet has maintained its rustic glory and beauty. The province of Zambales is located on the western part of Luzon. It is 210 kilometers and approximately 3 hours drive from Manila. Zambales coastline is most famou s for its sandy beaches and deep blue sea with coral reefs. Zambales is historical. The ancestral house of the most popular and beloved president, Ramon Magsaysay, is situated at Castillejos. The world-renowned Mt. Pinatubo can be found in Botolan. Zambales is perfectly suited for visitors seeking the authentic countryside living without going far from Manila. Brief History The name of the province is derived from its earliest inhabitants, the Zambals. The Spanish found them worshipping spirits called anitos; they were referred to as Sambali, from the Malay word samba, meaning to worship. The term was later Hispanicized to Zambal. Adventure Packages Silanguin Bay in San Antonio. Endowed with abundant marine resources and wild animals, it is one of the five coves soon to be developed into a fish sanctuary. Naturally, an ideal place to visit for scuba diving adventures. Activities Recommended: Scuba Diving, Snorkelling. (Sta. Cruz, Zambales) Sagrada Familia Caves. Located along the cliffside of the Zambales mountain ranges. These caves are typical of others except that a mysterious formation of the image of the Holy Family was caused here by a continuous dripping from the apex of the cavern. Evidence of coral fragments along the cliffside point to the fact that the area was once a part of an ocean bed. Activity Recommended: Spelunking (Day Tour) Mt. Pinatubo in the province of Zambales is 3-1/2 hours away by bus from Manila. The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in June, 1991 was heralded around the world as the most explosive eruption in 600 years, surpassing that of Mt. St. Helens in Washington, US. A. Movie producers and directors have visited Mt. Pinatubo and its surrounding communities in the hope of creating a television production with the 1991 volcanic eruption as a background scenario. Today, Mt. Pinatubos main asset rests in the various cultural groups mainly the Aetas who have been relocated to resettlement areas in various provinces. Helicopter and light plane tours as well as climbing or trekking expeditions are available for more adventurous tourists. Among the travel destinations covered by Mt. Pinatubo include Botolan Resettlement sites where one may indulge in community immersion with the Aetas; Bucao River, now completely covered with lahar and where one may engage in a walking safari towards the foothills of the dreaded volcano; Pinatubo Lake in San Marcelino town where one may have an opportunity to witness sunken villages. Activities Recommended: Pinatubo Trek, Volcano Watching, Community Immersion with the Aetas. Candelaria, Zambales) Sto. Nino Caves. Carved out of a fissure on the earths crust, this cavern measures about 50 by 75 meters. At its central wall sits an altar with the images of the Holy Family. The cross in the background is a makeshift of human femur bones. The unique charm of the cave is the presence of a petrified giant clam measuring almost two feet in diameter and embedded in the rocky stratum of the caves ceiling. Activity Recommended: Spelunking. (Masinloc, Zambales) San Salvador Island. Its abundance in marine resources has made it most famous as a scuba divers paradise. Divers would certainly love feasting their eyes on seeing the largest Manta Rays in the country, each measuring about 10 feet in diameter. The island is rich in fruit-bearing trees like mangoes. Clear water, smooth beaches coupled with powdery white sand and cool sea breeze. Activities Recommended: Scuba Diving, Swimming, Snorkeling. (Sta. Cruz, Zambales) Baloc-Baloc Cave. After a brief but arduous trek through rocky path, one is rewarded with a magnificent spectacle: a waterfall right inside this cave. From a height of about 10 meters, naturally cool spring water oozes out of the cavernous ceiling and on to the caves grotesque rocky walls. Down under, nature-formed swimming pond awaits the exhausted trekkers. Activities Recommended: Spelunking, Swimming, Camping. Climate Light casual clothes are recommended. An umbrella and a raincoat are must during the rainy season. Adopt to local customs and accept local differences (whether social or cultural). When shopping in a public market, haggle for the cheapest price. Always bring loose change when taking public transport to avoid inconvenience. Learn some local basic phrases. They may come very handy. Zamboanga Del Sur The Colors Of Ethnic Zamboanga BRIEF DESCRIPTION The province of Zamboanga del Sur is bounded on the north by the province of Zamboanga del Norte; on the south by the Moro Gulf; on the southwest by Zamboanga Sibugay; and on the east and northeast by Lanao del Norte, Misamis Occidental, and Panguil Bay. The original inhabitants of the Zamboanga peninsula were the Subanons, who settled along the riverbanks. The next group of settlers to arrive were Muslim migrants from the neighboring provinces. The Maguindanaoans and Kalibugans were farmers; the Tausugs, Samals, and Badjaos were fishermen; and the Maranaos were traders and artisans. The Muslim settlers also looked on mat weaving as its major occupation. Then came an exodus of migrants from nearby provinces. Historians say that majority of them came from the Visayas, Cebu, Bohol, Negros, and Siquijor. Together with the original settlers, these pioneers helped develop Zamboanga del Sur into the abundant and culturally diverse province that it is. Today the province comprises two congressional districts with 26 municipalities and one component city. Pagadian City, its capital, with a total of 681 barangays, has been declared as the new regional seat of Region IX. ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR HISTORY Like some of the places and cities found in the Philippines (and in Southeast Asia), Zamboanga del Sur was, for the most part, built slowly upon the foundations of various migrants and settlers; it wasn’t a settlement built by one tribe which later expanded. The name Zamboanga itself came from the Malayan word â€Å"Jambangan†, meaning a place of flowers. The very first settlers of the area which would ultimately be known as Zamboanga del Sur were known as the Subanons or Subanens, whose name literally means â€Å"river folks†. They settled on the riverbanks and almost all were farmers who practiced the â€Å"slash and burn† method of agriculture. It wasn’t long afterwards, though, that they were joined by the Muslim immigrants who came in from neighboring towns, with some coming from as far away as Malaysia. The Muslims were broken down into groups depending from where they came, and their professions were also different: the Maguindanaoans and Kalibugans were mostly farmers by trade; the Tausugs, Badjaos, and Samals were fishermen, and finally, the Maranaos were traders and artisans. A major occupation for the Muslims, however, was mat weaving, which is still very much practiced today. During the following years, more and more people from nearby provinces migrated to the area. Most came from Visayas, namely, Cebu, Negros, and Bohol. Together, these people helped form Zamboanga del Sur into the vibrant province it is known today. When the Moro Province was established, composing of five districts (Cotabato, Davao, Sulu, Zamboanga, and Lanao), Zamboanga became its capital. When the five districts became individual provinces in 1940, Zamboanga City became the capital of Zamboanga province. After World War II, the capital was transferred to Dipolog and Molave became the provincial capital of Zamboanga when Republic Act 286 was passed on June 16, 1948. On June 6, 1952, by virtue of Republic Act 711, Zamboanga province, which encompassed the entire peninsula in the southwestern Mindanao, was split into two, with Zamboanga del Sur being one of the half. Zamboanga del Sur became the 52nd province in the Philippines, originally having 11 towns which were later broken down into 42 municipalities and one city, Pagadian. Pagadian City also became Zamboanga del Sur’s capital. GEOGRAPHY Zamboanga del Sur occupies the southern section of the Zamboanga peninsula that forms the western part of the Island of Mindanao. It is located within a longitude of 122? 30 and latitude of 7? 15 north. It has a total land area of 473, 491hectares or 4,734. 91 sq. m. Stretching northward from Sibugay in the southwest and running along the northern boundary to Salug Valley in the east is the province mountainous countryside. The coastal plains are extending regularly from south to west then spreading into wide flat lands when reaching the coastal plains of the Baganian peninsula in the southeast. POLITICAL SUBDIVISION Zamboanga del Sur consists of two congressional districts with 26 municipalities and one city, with a total of 681 barangays. LANGUAGE / DIALECT The major dialect is Cebuano, spoken by 61. 31% of the population. Also spoken are Tagalog, Subanon, Chavacano, Ilonggo, Maguindanao, Tausug, Boholano, and Ilocano. POPULATION As of the year 2007 census, Zamboanga del Sur had reached a population of 914,278. CLIMATE The province has a relatively high mean annual rainfall that varies from 1,599 millimeters in drier areas to 3,500 millimeters in the wettest portion. Temperature is relatively warm and constant throughout the year ranging from the minimum temperature of 22 to 35 degrees Celsius. TRADE AND INDUSTRY Agri-based manufacture of coco oil, livestock feed milling, rice/ corn milling, including the processing of fruits; gifts and housewares made from indigenous materials like handmade paper, roots, rattan, buri, and bamboo; wood-based manufacture of furniture and furniture components from wood, rattan, and bamboo; marine and aquaculture including support services; construction services and manufacture of marble, concrete, and wooden construction materials. OVERVIEW The early history of Zamboanga del Sur is similar to that of Zamboanga del Norte, inevitably linked with that of Zamboanga City, the center of Mindanao then, specially during the American Era. When Zamboanga City became a chartered city on October 12, 1936, it included the Zamboanga Peninsula and the island of Basilan, making it the largest city in the world in terms of land area. This changed in 1948 when Basilan became a separate province and when Republic Act No. 711 on June 6,1952 created two more provinces out of the Zamboanga City area. One of these provinces was the Province of Zamboanga del Sur. The status quo prevailed un til February 2001 when Zamboanga Sibugayand 16 of del Surs southern towns came into its own. GEOGRAPHY/POLITICAL SUBDIVISION Zamboanga del Sur is in northwestern Mindanao. It is bounded on the north by Zamboanga del Norte, to the west by Zamboanga Sibugay, on the east by Misamis Occidental, Panguil Bay, and Lanao del Norte, and on the south by the Moro Gulf and the Basilan Strait. Zamboanga del Sur has an aggregate land area of 4,694. 78 square kilometers with an irregular coastline. The landscape consists of a flat coastal plain giving way to mountains in the interior. The biggest bays are Dumanquilas, Maligay, and Pagadian Bay. A small peninsula extends into the Moro Gulf. Four rivers cross the plain to deltas where major towns are located. These are the Kumalarang, Sibuguey, Dinas, and Labangan Rivers. Zamboanga del Sur now has 27 towns. ETHNIC DISTINCTION Pagadian City is a melting pot that includes the Tiruray, Manobo, Maranao, and Maguindanao ethnic groups. The dominant ethnic group in Zamboanga del Sur is the Subanen whose enclaves are in tne towns of Kmnaiarang, and Lapuyan. MAJOR INDUSTRIES Zamboanga del Surs Land is highly fertile, where rice, corn, coconut and rubber are consistently produced. Rich and teeming waters mark fishing as a major industry. Its dense forests also contribute to a thriving wood industry. With valuable mineral deposits, manganese, copper, and nickel and mined in Kumalarang. Zamboanga Del Norte -From Orchid City To Shrine City BRIEF DESCRIPTION About half of the province land area is devoted to agriculture. Corn, coconut, and rice are major crops. The province being rich in marine and mineral sources, its fish production has accelerated through the development of fishponds. Commercial fishing has likewise steadily increased through the years, with the yellow fin tuna as the primary species. The 2nd largest island in the Philippines is Mindanao, which is the southern most part of the archipelago. It is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean to the east; Celebes Sea to the south and to the west is Sulu Sea. The island of Mindanao is marked by a peninsulas and the largest of all is the ZAMBOANGA Peninsula. It is a semi circular peninsula extending southwesterly towards the Sulu Archipelago and Borneo. The peninsula has an area of 14,500 sq. km. (5,600 sq. ile). The ZAMBOANGA Peninsula was known as Sibugay or Sibuguey during the coming of the Spanish conquistadors. And later on was changed into Zamboanga from the capital town of the province which derived its name from the Malay word Jambangan meaning a place where wild flowers grow. The Spanish colonialization of Mindanao was done by sending missionaries and one of the sites was Jambangan. As the years went by, t he mispronunciation of Bisaya (North Borneo dialect) and Spanish words turned into what is now today Zamboanga. On June 23, 1635 the town was officially called Zamboanga. The boundary of the town of Zamboanga comprised half of the peninsula then. The entire peninsula was later called Zamboanga Peninsula although the easternmost part of the peninsula belong to the Province of Misamis. Before the Philippines was ceded to the United States of America (Treaty of Paris), the peninsula was partly to the south where ZAMBOANGA city proper is the Provincia Mora and towards the North where Dipolog City is a part of the Provincia Misamis. Dapitan district which includes Dipolog was part of Provincia Misamis. Each province has a governor and the whole Department of Mindanao and Sulu has also a governor. From 1903 to 1913 Zamboanga City was the capital of the Provincia Mora which comprise five district, namely ; Cotabato, Davao, Lanao, Zamboanga and Sulu . In 1903, Judge William Howard Taft, President of the Second Philippine Commission (Later on became the President of the United States of America) decreed Dapitan to be separated form Cagayan de Oro and annex to Provincia Mora, which later on 1913 became part of the Province of Zamboanga . One day in the year 1910 the Provincial Governor of Zamboanga, Mr. Helper visited Dipolog on his way to Dapitan on horseback. He was asked by the Dipolog town people that Dipolog be separated from Dapitan. This was the beginning of the crusade to make Dipolog a Municipality. On September 15,1911, the governing body of the Provincia Mora, the legislative council passed Act. No. 272 converting the Municipality of Zamboanga into a city. The ceremony was held on January 1, 1912 with the appointment of American Christopher F. Bader as the first City Mayor. Also at almost the same time created the provinces of Davao, Lanao, Sulu, Zamboanga, Cotabato, Surigao, Butuan (a subprovince of Surigao), Agusan (a sub province of Davao), Malaybalay (now Bukidnon) and Misamis. Misamis was part of the Department of Cebu, Agusan and Surigao was District of Caraga during the Spanish era. General John J. Pershing, Governor of the Department of Mindanao and Sulu granted the petition to elevate Dipolog into a town. On July 1, 1913, amidst a solemn inspiring ceremony John J. Pershing pronounced Dipolog as a Municipality from the balcony of the brand new Dipolog Municipal Hall and the appointment of Pascual T. Martinez as the first Municipal Mayor (called president at that time). In 1942 during the Second World War, Acting Governor Felipe B. Azcuna transferred the seat of the provincial government from ZAMBOANGA City to DIPOLOG. Thus making DIPOLOG the capital-in-fact of the ZAMBOANGA Province. On June 6, 1952, a bill fathered by Roseller Lim became the republic act 711. It created the Province of Zamboanga del Sur with Pagadian as its capital and Province of Zamboanga del Norte and with Dipolog as the capital town. Dubbed as the Twin-City Province, Zamboanga del Norte has been made famous by the beauty and charm of the Orchid City of Dipolog and the historical, rustic quaintness of the Shrine City of Dapitan. Decrying Spanish authority over his beloved country, Dr. Jose P. Rizal, Philippine National Hero, lived in exile in faraway Dapitan City, then only a sleepy town in Mindanao. Here, he spent fruitfully his last four years in exile, from 1892 to 1896, to practice medicine, pursue scientific studies, keep with his artistic and literary endeavors, and widen his knowledge of languages. In Dapitan, Dr. Rizal found a school and a hospital, and became a farmer to prove to the people that farming is as good a profession as medicine. The original estate of Dr. Rizal in Dapitan has been declared a national shrine and is being administered by the National Historical Institute. Hence, the city monicker, Shrine City of the Philippines. By the year 2020, Dapitan is poised to become the Dr. Jose Rizal Heritage Center of the Philippines, owing to the wealth of Rizal memorabilia and memorable places associated with the country beloved hero. Zamboanga del Norte today is equally famous for Dakak Park and Beach Resort, the province foremost natural attraction. The very popular Dakak Beach is most known for its beautifully shaped cove and powdery white sand, and as a diving mecca in Mindanao. Pristine blue waters, excellent dive sites with an abundance of coral reefs, and a magnificent sunset horizon characterize this tropical eden. Dakak Park and Beach Resort boasts 15 hectares of wooded land, a natural reservoir for native plants and animals, and a 750-meter private white-sand beach. GEOGRAPHY Zamboanga del Norte is situated in Northern Mindanao. It is bounded on the north and west by the Sulu Sea, on the east by Misamis Occidental, and on the south by Zamboanga del Sur. The province occupies a total land area of 6,618 square kilometers. It has an average elevation of 243. 8 meters, with Mt. Dabiak in Katipunan as the highest peak at 2,600 meters. Other parts,near the coastlines, are plains. The province irregular coastline runs 400 kilometers from north to south. POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS The province has 25 towns and twin city (Dipolog and Dapitan), which are clustered into three districts. CLIMATE Zamboanga del Norte has a mild and moderate climate due to evenly distributed rainfall throughout the year. Its southern portion has a longer dry season. LANGUAGES/DIALECTS The main dialect is Cebuano/Visayan. English and Filipino (Tagalog) are also spoken, indicative of a high level of literacy. The original and native Subanen dialect lives on, especially in the highlands. POPULATION As of 2007 census count, the province of Zamboanga del Norte had a total population of 907,238, the second largest in the region, after Zamboanga del Sur. MAJOR INDUSTRIES About half of the province land area is devoted to agriculture. Corn, coconut, and rice are major crops. The province being rich in marine and mineral sources, its fish production has accelerated through the development of fishponds. Commercial fishing has likewise steadily increased through the years, with the yellow fin tuna as the primary species.

Legalizing Medical Marijuana free essay sample

Legalizing Medical Marijuana The debate over whether to legalize marijuana has been one of the most controversial issues dividing courts, the federal government, state governments, and voters. In 1996, Arizona and California voters overwhelmingly approved the legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes. Propositions 200 and 215 represented a dramatic shift from a previously united federal and state front against illegal drugs to one where state governments and voters are now at odds with the federal government over the medical use of controlled substances. Rather than focusing on how to improve and maintain the long-standing war on drugs, the policy issue has now become; who controls America’s drug laws, courts, the federal government, state governments, or the voters? In addition, the legalization of marijuana poses other questions; does legalizing marijuana undermine the seemingly endless federal war on drugs by moving towards greater tolerance of marijuana and other drugs? Is more research necessary to determine the benefits or hazardous effects of marijuana? Would legalizing marijuana open the floodgates to legalizing other controlled substances such as heroin or LSD? This paper analyzes and examines. We will write a custom essay sample on Legalizing Medical Marijuana or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The history of marijuana legalization and prohibition. The arguments for and against legalizing marijuana. This paper concludes by recommending that before marijuana is legalized for medical use there needs to be more testing to improve our knowledge and understanding of marijuana. The first recorded use of marijuana as medicine was in a Chinese pharmacopoeia in 2727 B. C. The cornerstone of drug prohibition in the United States was the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 which restricted the use of opiates such as cocaine, heroin, and morphine to medical purposes (Trebach and Inciardi, p. 3). In the United States, marijuana was legal until the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 established the federal prohibition of the drug. (Grinspoon; Trebach and Inciardi). Had marijuana not been removed from the list of drugs in the United States Pharmacopoeia in 1937, it would have been grand fathered into the Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Control Act as a prescription drug, just as cocaine and morphine were. (Grinspoon). As a result of the tremendous increase in the number of recreational drug users and a more liberalized political climate, marijuana medicinal uses were rediscovered in the 1970s. In the later 1970s and 1980s, marijuana was medically used by hundreds of patients (mainly in the form of synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol) in research projects conducted by several states for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in chemotherapy. (Grinspoon). Likewise, in 1976, the federal government approved the use of marijuana as a medicine by instituting the Compassionate Investigational New Drug program (CIND), under which physicians could obtain an Investigational New Drug application (IND) for a patient to receive marijuana. (Grinspoon). However, this program was so filled with and bureaucratically overburdened that in the course of history only about three dozen individuals ever received marijuana. One argument in favor of legalization is that marijuana provides several medical benefits for individuals suffering from asthma, cancer, glaucoma, migraine headaches, multiple sclerosis, and other symptoms and syndromes. (Grinspoon, p. 1). First, marijuana is remarkably non-toxic as evidenced by the fact that there has never been a reported death caused by marijuana overdose. Grinspoon, p. 1). In addition, marijuana’s long-term and short-term effects (i. e. , increased appetite, increased memory loss/slowed memory function, etc. ) are relatively inconsequential compared to medicines for which marijuana may be substituted. (Grinspoon, p. 1). Next, once patients no longer have to pay the prohibition tariff, marijuana will be less expensive than the medications it replaces. (Grinspoon, p. 1). Finally, marijuana is remarkably versatile; case histories and clinical evidence suggests it is useful in the treatment of over two dozen symptoms and syndromes, and others will undoubtedly be discovered in the future. (Grinspoon, p. 1). Another argument in favor of legalization is that there are many activities that are considered integral parts of daily life that are more lethal than marijuana. In order to support this contention, proponents note that in the United States, tobacco alone kills over 430,000, alcohol 110,000, prescription drugs 32,000, and aspirin and Tylenol 7,600 yearly. http://my. marijuana. com, p. 1). By contrast, all illegal drugs combined, including, amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy, GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate), heroin, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), marijuana, mescaline, PCP (phencyclidine), and psilocybin (magic) mushrooms killed approximately 11,000 in 1999. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 1). In addition, proponents contend that prohibition has not been sho wn to have a measurable impact on the demand for drugs in general. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 2). Countries such as Italy, Portugal, and Spain, have decriminalized the use of all drugs, including cocaine and heroin, and offer government subsidized programs to assist those addicted to hard drugs such as heroin, providing them with doctor supervised locations to ingest their drugs. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 2). Likewise, the Netherlands has legalized soft drugs including marijuana and magic mushrooms. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 2). The result of these programs has been lower drug addiction, death, and use rates. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 2). Proponents of legalization contend that by preventing valid manufacturers from making these products, prohibition increases the dangers associated with drug use by preventing regulation, and forcing drug users to buy products which have no guarantee of dosage or purity. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 2). In addition, proponents contend that prohibition increases street violence by forcing the sale of drugs to the black market, which encourages the formation of organized crime in order to distribute and manufacture these substances under the control of a group of individuals. http://my. marijuana. com, p. 2). Laws are structured in order to punish adults more heavily than minors, and due to this, minors are enlisted by these organized crime units, provided with guns or other weapons, and used to sell or transport these drugs, with the knowledge that if they are caught, they will not be as heavily punished. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 2). This increase in violence and the focus on c riminalizing drug use has resulted in the criminal justice system being overloaded. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 2). Non-violent drug offenders make up 58% of the federal prison population according to the ACLU. In addition, mandatory minimum sentencing laws and laws such as California’s Three Strikes law are unfairly distributed, jailing some for life, simply for selling a chemical which the buyer freely chooses to ingest, making it a harsher crime to participate in a consensual act than to commit second degree murder. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 3). Proponents of legalization also contend that the war on drugs presents an immense monetary drain on the United States economy. http://my. marijuana. com, p. 4). For example, in 2000, the Clinton administration spent more than $17. 9 billion on the war on drugs. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 4). By comparison, the president is requested $4. 5 billion in discretionary appropriations for the Department of Education in the fiscal year 2002. (Dept. Of Ed. ). In short, the United States is spending 40% as much on fighting the drug war as it is on educating for the next generation. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 4). Finally, proponents of legalization contend that prohibition is causing the government to miss out on an opportunity to raise an incredible amount of tax revenue. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. 4). The international illicit drug business generates as much as $400 billion in trade annually according to the United Nations International Drug Control Program, which amounts to 8% of all international trade and is comparable to the annual turnover in textiles. (http://my. marijuana. com, p. ). Legalizing marijuana and taxing its sale would allow the government to use this money to improve and pay for drug treatment programs, health care, homeless shelters, and schools. Legalization would not only eliminate the $18 billion per year spent fighting the drug war, but would in turn raise at least $40 billion per year in tax revenue, if one assumes a mild 10% tax on the drug trade, a number nearly equivalent to the entire United States education budget. (http://my. marijuana. om, p. 4). While pr oponents of legalization contend that marijuana provides several medical benefits, there is no concrete, convincing scientific evidence that marijuana offers benefits that patients cannot obtain from approved prescription drugs such as Marinol. However, patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy or suffering from multiple sclerosis report fewer side-effects with marijuana than with regular drugs. (http://www. cnn. com/health/9702/weed. wars/issues/focus/index. html, p. 4). Although the American Medical Association and other official medical groups oppose medical marijuana, a 1991 survey found 44% of oncologists had suggested use of marijuana to treat nausea associated with chemotherapy. (http://www. cnn. com/health/9702/weed. wars/issues/focus/index. html, p. 4). Thus, before marijuana may be approved as a prescription drug, clinical trials to gauge its therapeutic effect upon pain must be conducted. (http://www. cnn. com/health/9702/weed. wars/issues/focus/index. html, p. 4). Another argument opposing legalization is that marijuana is a (gateway) drug and that legalizing it will only encourage more individuals to try it. However, like the argument that providing high school students with condoms and sex education will inspire teenagers to become sexually active, this argument is logically flawed. If an individual wishes to try marijuana or to have premarital sex, he or she will not be deterred from doing so simply because it is illegal. Finally, opponents of legalization contend that medical marijuana laws are overbroad, i. . , California’s Proposition 215 is written in such a way that almost any ailment or pain could be construed as justification for the use of marijuana and also allows for the cultivation of marijuana, not just possession. (http://www. cnn. com/health/9702/weed. wars/issues/focus/index. html, p. 3). In addition, Arizona’s Proposition 200 goes beyond marijuana, which is often viewed as a soft drug by both opponents and prop onents of legalization, and empowers doctors to prescribe narcotics such as heroin and LSD if they see fit. (http://www. cnn. om/health/9702/weed. wars/issues/focus/index. html, p. 3). Although there are many arguments in favor of legalizing marijuana, more clinical and laboratory research is necessary to improve our knowledge and understanding of marijuana. First, we need to know how many patients and which patients with each symptom or syndrome are likely to find marijuana more effective than existing drugs. Next, more information is required about marijuana’s effect on the immune system in immunologically impaired patients, and its interaction with other medications. Finally, if and when marijuana is legalized, there should be a uniform distribution and enforcement system in place between federal and state governments to regulate who may obtain marijuana, its accepted uses, and quality control mechanisms. References Grinspoon, Lester. Medical Marihuana in a Time of Prohibition. International Journal of Drug Policy, April, 1999. Trebach, Arnold S. and Inciardi, James A. Legalize It? Debating American Drug Policy. The American University Press, Washington, DC. 1993. http://my. marijuana. com http://www. cnn. com/health/9702/weed. wars/issues/focus/index. html

Berkshire Hathaway

Berkshire Hathaway IssuesWarren Buffet invoked the substance-over-form concept to justify accounting for the GEICO and General Foods transactions as dividends distributions rather than sales of stock. Do you agree with Buffet that the substance of each of the proportionate redemptions was a dividend and not a sale of stock?In deciding how to account for an unusual or unique transaction for financial reporting purposes, should one consider the tax treatment applied to the transaction?Did Peat Marwick have a right to change its position on the proper accounting treatment for the stock redemptions? What factor or factors may have been responsible for Peat Marwick's decision to change its position regarding these transactions?FactsIn 1983, GEICO announced plans to purchase several million shares of its outstanding common stock for $60 per share. Among GEICO's largest stockholders was Berkshire Hathaway, Inc., an investment company. Executives of the two companies decided that Berkshire would tender approxi mately 350,000 if its GEICO shares in the stock buyback plan, which would allow Berkshire to treat the transaction as a proportionate redemption.English: Berkshire Cotton Manufacturing Company, A...In a proportionate redemption, the percentage equity interest of on company in a second company is maintained at the level that existed immediately before the transaction. For federal taxation purposes, the proceeds received by the investor company in a proportionate redemption are taxed as dividends by applying the effective intercorporate dividend tax rate. In 1983, that tax rate was approximately 6.9 percent.Berkshire also chose to treat the proceeds from the redemption of the GEICO stock as dividend income in its 1983 financial statements. Berkshire's audit firm, Marwick, Mitchell Company, approved that accounting treatment. In 1984, another company in which Berkshire had a significant equity interest, General Foods, announced a stock buyback plan. Again, Berkshire structured the sal e of stock to General Foods...

If PR professionals do their jobs well, they will serve the interests Essay

If PR professionals do their jobs well, they will serve the interests of the people who have paid them. There is a direct confl - Essay Example To aid in coming up with a clear comprehension of the communicative function of the two, a significant number of study theories and concepts have been produced by different research workers. Although the research works have not been fully able to address the subject, they have provided a wide basis as regards theoretical and conceptual notions on the subject. Thus, the most significant quest here is on the idea of the complex and conflicting communicative function of a journalist and public relations professional as regards their day-to-day interaction with their targeted user groups (Bivins 2009, p.103). Since the two professionals are closely related and have great complexity in terms of what exactly differentiates them, it is essential to have a thorough understanding of their respective fields of work. Journalism entails the process of collecting, jotting, editing of news from the public and related areas all around a specified geographic terrain. These news articles are then pre sented in newspapers, radio stations, magazines and television for broadcasting to other members of a whole nation, globally or depending on the defined geographic area to be covered. That is, a journalist’s daily operations involve interaction with the public in gathering and presentation of information. On the other hand, a public health professional’s communicative function is almost the Ð µsame as that of a journalist (Narasimha, 2010, p. 230). Public health professionals involve themselves in putting into practice the act of performing and maintaining a strong (healthy) relationship between the organizations they work for and the members of public and respective stakeholders. That is, their communicative function essentially revolves around a close interaction and sharing of information with the public (Narasimha, 2010, p. 20). The idea in public relations is for an organization to gain exposure to their targeted audience. In the process of gaining exposure, topi cs based on public interest are usually put into practice and items are brought forward with no interest for direct payment. The most significant aim for public relation professionals is to persuade the public, business partners, investors and other stakeholders to keep into practice or mind a specific viewpoint as regards products, leadership and its political aspirations (Bivins 2009, p. 102) It is thus clear that public relation professionals and journalists almost have the same communicative functionality which possesses a conflicting bird’s eye view of the subject. A number of research theories, organization case studies and concepts have addressed this subject. The aim of all these is to clarify or make it clear what each profession puts into close consideration on the notion of communication and interaction with the public (Van Ruler & Vercic 2004). Public relation profession and journalism engross a key set of concepts, readings and theories that make it easy for a pr ofessional, individual or an organization to build reputation among public members and respective stakeholders. Usually businesses or organizations have to be adept in practicing public relations and to put off the idea of considering public relation as only a means of reacting to a scandal (Watson & Noble 2007). As mentioned earlier, journalism puts into close consideration several practices that are closely related or almost the same as public relations. In this

European Politics in the 16th and 17th Centuries Essay

European Politics in the 16th and 17th Centuries - Essay Example From the Spanish point of view, any resistance that the natives demonstrated to the conversion was a work of none other than the Satan. The Spanish presented the natives with an ultimatum to both adopt Christianity and then swear allegiance to the Spanish crown of Castile. Those who would refuse to do that would then face military action. This occurred as one of the immediate and unfortunate effect of the reformation. The intolerance that developed expressed itself in religious wars and persecution. Albeit the main motive should have been to generate the true spirit of Christ or the fatherhood of God and brotherhood of man, the reformation made millions of people to suffer on the account of religion. The main subjects of the Italian, Spanish and Portuguese monarchs were deliberately forced to remain catholic. Those who refused to convert to catholic suffered death or imprisonment. The main aim behind ‘a Short account of the Destruction of the Indies’ was to inform the King of Spain regarding the gold hoarding and the murders that were occurring in the New World. The reason of the expeditions was chiefly to convert the natives to Christianity and as a result protect them from the eternal damnation. In contrast to this, the Spaniards that were sent did not follow the rules that were given to them. Instead they targeted and killed millions of natives for their gold. A minor percentage of the gold that was hoarded was allocated for the Spanish purse. At this time, Christian missionaries such as Las Casas tried their best in order to bring justice to the land.

Effectiveness of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in the workplace Research Paper - 1

Effectiveness of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in the workplace - Research Paper Example Harris, Lynette, Alan Tuckman, and Jereme Snook. 2012. "Supporting Workplace Dispute Resolution in Smaller Businesses: Policy Perspectives and Operational Realities". The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 23, no. 3: 607-623. This study was conducted in order to identify the different ways of resolving disputes used by small business entrepreneurs. The researchers identified that ADR has several benefits to offer to small business to both the employer and employees but there is lack of knowledge of ADR concept. Another issue is their failure to defend the solution of ADR in case litigation takes place. Emerson, Robert D., R. Edward Minchin, and Stephen Gruneberg. 2013. "Workers’ Compensation in Construction: Workers’ Benefits Under Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems". Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction. 5, no. 3: 113-121. This research was conducted in order to identify the effectiveness of ADR in case of helping workers obtain benefits and compensation. The researchers identified that the levels of benefits gained through ADR were lower and so was the chances of attaining the benefits. The researchers even identified that when attorneys were involved in ADR case, it was easier to obtain employee benefits. This research was conducted in order to identify how ADR is used in different organizations in different regions. Furthermore it tried to identify the outcomes that have taken place as a result of adopting ADR. The research even focused on the issues connected with the use of ADR in workplace. Brubaker, David, Cinnie Noble, Richard Fincher, Susan Kee-Young Park, and Sharon Press. 2014. "Conflict Resolution in the Workplace: What Will the Future Bring?" Conflict Resolution Quarterly. 31, no. 4: 357-386. This research was conducted in order to exhibit the trends of the use of ADR in solving conflicts that are taking place in organizations and the article even

Challenges Faced By General Motors

Challenges Faced By General Motors The United States (U.S) Multi National Enterprise (MNE) General Motors (GM) is one of the worlds largest automakers, tracing its roots back to 1908. With its global headquarters in Detroit, GM employs 235,000 people in every major region of the world and does business in some 140 countries. GM and its strategic partners produce cars and trucks in 34 countries, and sell and service these vehicles through the following brands: Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Golden, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Saturn, Opel Vauxhall and Saab. In 2006 it sold over 9 million cars and trucks globally in 5 continents with a global market share of 13.5 %. GM has been involved in a range of global ventures aimed at extending their penetration in the carmakers market and has also increased its share of the market as well as sales. GM uses exports, acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic alliances to enter foreign markets based on business considerations. GM has also expanded its capabilities in manufacturing through technological competences. This was achieved by forming subsidiaries, strategic alliances and joint ventures with other automobile companies in different parts of the world. According to (GM Press Release, 2006), the company has been involved in a range of global ventures throughout its history, each of which has aimed at extending its market penetration. Partnering enables GM to rapidly expand its technical fields and brings that knowledge in-house transferring it to multiple levels within the business, even extending it sometimes to corporate issues. Through the various stages of internationalisation, GM was able to enl arge its distribution and provide access to essential materials. Additionally, the company developed and improved its operations, facilities and processes all of which have provided access to new technologies and a rich database of knowledge and new capabilities. The American automobile industry is the biggest in the world in terms of number of cars manufactured and sold. The U.S. automobile market is saturated with the global car manufacturing companies however; the majority of the market share is occupied by domestic and Japanese companies. The outcome of this is a drop in the level of consumption as there are too many entrants competing in the same industry. Because of this decrease in consumption, the automobile industry leaders have been offering attractive incentives and lower prices leading to a loss in profitability. The world-class automakers are gradually expanding into foreign markets, as new emerging markets in China, South East Asia and South America are showing signs of sustainable economic growth. GM overseas operations were a method of diversifying themselves against the risks and uncertainties in their domestic market life cycle, by setting up new operations abroad multinationals can diminish adverse economic downturns. Most MNEs also follow a pattern that has often been laid out in front of them by competitors or similar sized companies that have adopted or mimicked behaviour that has been tested and proven to be success, if the right measures are taken when adopting it. For instance, it has been argued that organizations tend to imitate actions that have been taken by large numbers of organizations, because such practices are legitimized or their success is taken for granted (Fligstein; Haunschild; Haveman; Kraatz; Lewitt). This can also have an adverse affect on an MNE when entering a new market, leaving them less cautious and with a diminished aspiration towards growth, knowing that the chances of that market already being saturated and that the first come first served knowledge is already guaranteed not to be in their possession. This often happens when the specific market they enter does not suit their domain of expertise and experience, resulting in them investing much faster and with a lesser de gree of uncertainty that they would have usually applied. GMs move to internationalise was mainly to reduce costs, attract a larger market and the creation of strategic alliances. The company strategically allied with Fiat in 2000 by acquiring 20 percent of Fiats equity to establish a joint procurement venture. With a split of 50 percent of the capital each, giving them a concentrated purchasing power of about $32 billion per annum, this alliance has the capacity to strengthen their bargaining power as well as reducing the supplier management cost. GM also moved production overseas, as the number of internal competitors grew too high in most of the emerging country home markets. GM needed to find a new incentive to manage a new market while remaining at low cost. GM is a good example of an MNE which underwent internationalization whilst maintaining its position as one of the leading carmakers. It has also followed the theories laid out about internationalisation such as the typical way a company proceeds to penetrate and enter a foreign market. Firstly it will look at the options available and analyse what will be best suited for them considering the high degree of uncertainty and risk associated with entering an unknown market. One such option is licensing but it has to be assessed in a precautious way, due to the fact that they might be risking firm specific advantages by engaging in premature licensing agreements, this is also the least preferred of all three options due to the fact that there is a risk of knowledge dissipation. The only instance when licensing will be considered as a viable option is if the revenue generated from the licensee exceeds the cost of policing it. But also, if they do choose go for an early licensing agreement it may be because their firms specific advantage is hard to duplicate or they have a tight control over the licensee, meaning that they would find it very hard and potentially dangerous to resell any kind of sensitive material to any potential competitor or a third party of any kind. The second option is the possibility that the MNE might only be willing to export at first if the demand of the local market is not high enough for them to want to engage in foreign direct investment and set up an overseas subsidiary, or they may also consider this as a possibly a bit longer down the line depending on the potential growth generated from initial sale patterns and the profitability a larger scale operation would yield. The exporting option also depends on the trade agreements, tariff barriers, taxes, transportation costs and quotas between the two countries involved which sub sequentially determine if the operation will be profitable or maybe another option should be considered. There are two strong examples of how this has been reproduced by GM. The first is the case of General Motors do Brasil, which is GMs third largest operation outside of the U.S after being recently overtaken by China. In the beginning, the activities were in the assembly of vehicles imported from the United States. After five years, GMB officially opened its first plant in 1930 in Sà £o Paulo. Here we can see that exporting lead to the full scale creation of a production facility which was so successful a second one was opened 28 years later, thus resulting in Brasil being the main exporter of GM automobiles in the whole of South America. Breaking out of their domestic market and becoming an exporter themselves in a very short space of time and for such a large operation really does provide evidence that internationalisation does not spread from one point outwards with only one epicentre at its core but rather creates and distributes smaller nodes that in time expand themselves and r epeat the process so on, just as how it is described in the network approach. Once the firm has passed the cultural barriers and had its first experience of foreign operations, it is generally willing to conquer one market after another (Carlson, 1966). The second example is when the Cadillac brand was introduced to China in 2004, starting with imports from the U.S, which then lead to the Chevrolet making its first appearance on the Chinese market one year later. They were then able to move production operations to their Shanghai GM plant which opened as a joint venture with SAIC in 1997, initially created for the Buick brand that is especially strong in China. In this case exporting was clearly used as a testing method for foreign products penetrating the Chinese domestic market, market-specific knowledge and general knowledge are important for firms internationalization (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977). Dunnings Eclectic theory which sets out to explain that foreign direct investment as a theory can be unified as long as the firms applying it consider the ownership, location and internalisation of the process that will produce substantial benefits if applied accordingly. This is also the case if the extent, the form and pattern of international production is founded on the juxtaposition of the ownership to specific advantages that a firms posses when contemplating foreign production. This is reflected in GMs move to manufacture most of its China-market vehicles locally, through its Shanghai GM joint venture, GM also plans to create a research facility in Shanghai for $250m to develop hybrid cars and alternative energy vehicles. Therefore GM follows a path suggested by Dunning to gain advantage in terms of competitiveness and cost by ownership in foreign market and aim to expand. The Network Approach emphasises the industry as a system of networks, each firm within network has relationships with customers, suppliers etc†¦ These relations are important competitive advantages which the Network model also suggests the firm needs to take into account and evaluate not only its own position in the market in relation to its customers, but also the environment of that market in relation to others such as competitors, new entrants etc†¦ GM and Fiat formed a strategic alliance, with GM owning a 20% share in Fiat and Fiat SpA receiving 5.1% of GMs shares in exchange. Production and ownership have both been improved when a recent alliance took place under the form of two joint ventures (owned 50% by Fiat and 50% by GM). The first will conduct purchasing activities, while the second will produce engines and gear equipment which is mainly aimed at cutting expenses. Hence GM has followed the network model to some degree as their joint venture come in terms of rela tions with Fiat. By collaborating they have reduced the cost and the innovation has resulted in new production techniques. Which gave both of them some degree of competitiveness as they have gained purchasing power as well as reduced cost in terms of purchasing from the suppliers.

Analysis Of Morality :: essays research papers fc

The Republicans Were Right, But –   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The sanctity of the oath† (Keillor 102), the controversial hot topic of this year. This is a subject that has sparked great debates not only to those in Congress, but among the American people as well. Some hold the oath as a promise of civility and humanity. On the other hand, others view the morality the oath is supposed to stand for as unreachable and unattainable. In my opinion Garrison Keillor sums it up in his essay, â€Å"The Republicans Were Right, But.† I feel this is a good essay based upon the author’s argument of morality, his use of symbolism, and the entire structure of the essay.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The rhetorical situation in any given essay or editorial contains three main parts: the author, the audience, and the medium. The author of this essay, Garrison Keillor, was born and raised in Anoka, Minnesota in 1942. As Mr. Keillor points out quite clearly in the first paragraph of his essay, he is a democrat. According to the Minnesota Public Radio home page, he hosts a weekly talk show on public radio called â€Å" A Prairie Home Companion.† He also hosts the â€Å"Writers Almanac,† a daily five-minute program. He is a frequent contributor to Time Magazine, and the author of ten books, including Lake Wobegon Days (1985). Keillor’s recording of Lake Wobegon Days received a Grammy award; he has also received two ACE awards for cable TV and a George Foster Peabody Award. In 1994, he was inducted to the Radio Hall of Fame at the Museum of Broadcast Communications in Chicago (Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia). The intended audience for this essay is people that are interested in current affairs. The medium for this essay is TIME Magazine, a general news purpose magazine. Given the rhetorical situation, his argument appears to be very specific.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To argue is to attempt to convince a reader to agree with a point of view, to make a decision, or to pursue a particular course of action (Eschholz, Rosa, and Clark 429). In an argument there are three main elements: ethos, logos, and pathos. In ethos, the author tries to build his/her character to the audience. In this particular essay, Mr. Keillor does not build his credibility very well. The only information he reveals is that he is a democrat, which can be found in paragraph one of the essay. The details of Mr.

American Ethic History

In the onset of the year 1776 that a writer named Thomas Jefferson conceived and drafted the Declaration of Independence. Such eloquent phrasing made it to be such a masterpiece in the history of political writing. The declaration, in its fight for democracy and sovereignty as it was besieged by Great Britain that time had constructed a way in which to breakaway and attain their freedom that is through the declaration of Independence.The Declaration of Independence consists of three parts; one is about the grievances that England’s King, George III had initiated, the second is the legitimacy of the revolt and third is the statement of principles concerning the rights of men. In which case, it was stated in the declaration that all men are created equal and has inherent right as endowed by the Creator to pursue a life of happiness, life and liberty.It illiterates that the government exists to protect these rights as given by the people but when thwarted, it is the right of thes e people to obstruct and alter these by creating a new government that will be in accordance to the principles, that is their right. It was through this declaration that the people of America were able to express their desire for equality and independence. Through this powerful remark as written by Jefferson that â€Å"all men are created equal,† that several race and nations alike were able to fight for their right as humans as it is inherently theirs.The phrase, not to mention the masterpiece itself has up to now, creates a great deal of impact to the people, especially to the oppressed so that they have something that they can hold on to in times of grievances and despair. Through these words, many people, countries and races suffering have been strengthened, as the words lit the fires for the battle ahead, for democracy and the right to be treated as equals. It is then a contradiction that the Naturalization Act of 1790 was proclaimed with the discrimination against race and sex.Naturalization Act of 1790 Naturalization is a process in which a person who has other countries of origin or birth is given the right to become citizens of the country. In the Naturalization Act of 1790, the Congress passed an act stating that any alien, being a free, white person can be a citizen of the country after two years of stay. The Act came to be when the Congress realized that the newly independent country consists of many different races, African slaves, the French, Native Americans, and other immigrants from European countries.With the right of citizenship, the selected few have the capacity to vote and exercise their right to make decisions. The Issue It is such a contradiction to the part of the Congress to discriminate the people in means of color. The others who are not given the rights to citizenshp are treated as inferiors. This is also the time where trade of African slaves are afoot and wherein women are not given the right to vote and work as they pleas e.It is then to that aspect that the Naturalization Act even though there is no naming of gender, in particular it only states â€Å"any free white alien† but with the deprived right of women to vote, the Naturalization Act for women is of no use to them. This onslaught of discrimination through the creation of the Naturalization Act is a contradiction to the Declaration of Independence that was uphold in July 4 of 1776, that all men were created as equals by the Creator and therefore shoulf live a life that is just and meaningful.To treat the Africans not to mention other races with a color different from theirs in a way that is no different from the buying and selling of an inanimate object is a violation of such constitution. To restrict women in doing household chores and caring for children without any priveledge to express their thoughts or without a means of independence such as freedom to work is also a violation to the constitution they once so proudly uphold. The Ro ot Cause Slave trading has been prevalent in the United States since the 17th century wherein natives from Africa are captured and sold as slaves.They served their purpose as they were forced to labor on productions crops that includes sugar, tobacco, coffee, and cotton. It was not until 1865 that they were given the rights to be a part of the country In the part of women suffrage, it took a longer time before women were granted the right to vote (1920’s). Women during that time are have no means to acquire education nor work. Like the slaves, they are treated as second-class citizen and not much was expected from them.It was a time where white male individuals were the only ones who was able to have the full grant of being citizens to the country. Conclusion In conclusion, one of the reasons that may come into consideration when thinking about the contradictions in American history maybe due to the influence of culture and strong tradition that occurred. During that time, th eir way of thinking was not that advanced and modernized so as to free slaves and give women the right to vote because that is a situation wherein they are not used to.It took a lot of time before thay can accommodate that into their minds that not only male and white persons are Americans. Africans and women had long been with them and in such time have proven their right to be a part of the country. In the light of today, some problems are still in need of a solution, it cannot be said that we have attained true freedom. There is still many who suffer due to discrimination of their gender and their race and that is a challenge to attain the true equality we all hope for. References Foner, Eric, and John A. Garraty, eds.(1991) The Reader's Companion to American History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Gilje, Paul A. â€Å"Declaration of Independence. † Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2006. Kerber, Linda K. (1998). No Constitutional Right t o Be Ladies: Women and the Obligations ofCitizenship. New York: Hill and Wang. Kettner, James H. The Development of American Citizenship, 1608–1870. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,. Smith, Rogers M. (1997). Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U. S. History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.